21st Century Classical Greek -- identifying aorist 2

So I got a new laptop after wearing out the keyboard on my old one, and I restored files from external backup – and I couldn’t find a lesson on Section 6. Here’s the text. Mark up whatever is familiar and then I’ll point out some things.

πᾶσα γὰρ ἡ Ἑλλὰς ἐσιδηροφόρει διὰ τὰς ἀφάρκτους τε οἰκήσεις καὶ οὐκ ἀσφαλεῖς παρ᾽ ἀλλήλους ἐφόδους, καὶ ξυνήθη τὴν δίαιταν μεθ᾽ ὅπλων ἐποιήσαντο ὥσπερ οἱ βάρβαροι.

[2] σημεῖον δ᾽ ἐστὶ ταῦτα τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἔτι οὕτω νεμόμενα τῶν ποτὲ καὶ ἐς πάντας ὁμοίων διαιτημάτων.

[3] ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι τόν τε σίδηρον κατέθεντο καὶ ἀνειμένῃ τῇ διαίτῃ ἐς τὸ τρυφερώτερον μετέστησαν. καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι αὐτοῖς τῶν εὐδαιμόνων διὰ τὸ ἁβροδίαιτον οὐ πολὺς χρόνος ἐπειδὴ χιτῶνάς τε λινοῦς ἐπαύσαντο φοροῦντες καὶ χρυσῶν τεττίγων ἐνέρσει κρωβύλον ἀναδούμενοι τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ τριχῶν: ἀφ᾽ οὗ καὶ Ἰώνων τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους κατὰ τὸ ξυγγενὲς ἐπὶ πολὺ αὕτη ἡ σκευὴ κατέσχεν.

[4] μετρίᾳ δ᾽ αὖ ἐσθῆτι καὶ ἐς τὸν νῦν τρόπον πρῶτοι Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐχρήσαντο καὶ ἐς τὰ ἄλλα πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς οἱ τὰ μείζω κεκτημένοι ἰσοδίαιτοι μάλιστα κατέστησαν.

[5] ἐγυμνώθησάν τε πρῶτοι καὶ ἐς τὸ φανερὸν ἀποδύντες λίπα μετὰ τοῦ γυμνάζεσθαι ἠλείψαντο: τὸ δὲ πάλαι καὶ ἐν τῷ Ὀλυμπικῷ ἀγῶνι διαζώματα ἔχοντες περὶ τὰ αἰδοῖα οἱ ἀθληταὶ ἠγωνίζοντο, καὶ οὐ πολλὰ ἔτη ἐπειδὴ πέπαυται. ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς βαρβάροις ἔστιν οἷς νῦν, καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς Ἀσιανοῖς, πυγμῆς καὶ πάλης ἆθλα τίθεται, καὶ διεζωμένοι τοῦτο δρῶσιν.

[6] πολλὰ δ᾽ ἂν καὶ ἄλλα τις ἀποδείξειε τὸ παλαιὸν Ἑλληνικὸν ὁμοιότροπα τῷ νῦν βαρβαρικῷ διαιτώμενον.

Sentence 2 illustrates the difference between Thucydides and Jowett. Thucydides is recording his thoughts as if he were speaking them out in the agora, that is, in oral mode; he puts the topic first to connect what he says to the previous sentence. Jowett reverses this order. If I haven’t said it before, I’ll say it now: Thucydides knew that if you don’t put the connection first, by the time you state that it is a connection, you have lost the attention of your audience who are wondering why you are talking about this. The difference in syntax between Greek and English is no excuse for what Jowett does.

The last word in sentence 4 is from an important class of verbs called “aorist 2”. The root is histimi. “Aorist 2” is not just a morphological label; this class of verbs has a special use that no other morphology applies to. I’m going to spend the next few lessons on this subject because it supports a structure that, as far as Google results show, hasn’t been studied before.

As I said, I am renaming the “optative” as an uncertainty epistemic, bringing it in-line with 21^st century terminology. So in sentence 6 we have one:

πολλὰ δ᾽ ἂν καὶ ἄλλα τις ἀποδείξειε τὸ παλαιὸν Ἑλληνικὸν ὁμοιότροπα τῷ νῦν βαρβαρικῷ διαιτώμενον.

Most people who have studied Greek before would pick up on the particle an and say that this is a conditional. But an can mean “that, who, which, such that”, the same as ei in indirect discourse is not “if”, it’s “whether”.

Here an is part of an idiom, “much that might point to the ancient Hellenes is identical to the current habits of the barbarian.”

Thucydides seems to have a suspicion that there’s a link between old Greek customs and current Persian customs. In fact Persia is an Indo-Iranian culture and there has to be some link – but it’s so far back in time that the vocabularies have important distinctions. Thucydides didn’t know that, but he was smart enough to realize that most of his audience hadn’t done the homework he had done, and wouldn’t agree that the hated Persians have anything in common with them.