21st Century Classical Greek -- transpositions interrupt the flow

Book I section 52. I was going to do several sections in one post but then I found a number of things I thought you ought to know about.

τῇ δὲ ὑστεραίᾳ ἀναγαγόμεναι αἵ τε Ἀττικαὶ τριάκοντα νῆες καὶ τῶν Κερκυραίων ὅσαι πλώιμοι ἦσαν ἐπέπλευσαν ἐπὶ τὸν ἐν τοῖς Συβότοις λιμένα, ἐν ᾧ οἱ Κορίνθιοι ὥρμουν, βουλόμενοι εἰδέναι εἰ ναυμαχήσουσιν.

[2] οἱ δὲ τὰς μὲν ναῦς ἄραντες ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς καὶ παραταξάμενοι μετεώρους ἡσύχαζον, ναυμαχίας οὐ διανοούμενοι ἄρχειν ἑκόντες ὁρῶντες προσγεγενημένας τε ναῦς ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν ἀκραιφνεῖς καὶ σφίσι πολλὰ τὰ ἄπορα ξυμβεβηκότα, αἰχμαλώτων τε περὶ φυλακῆς οὓς ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶν εἶχον, καὶ ἐπισκευὴν οὐκ οὖσαν τῶν νεῶν ἐν χωρίῳ ἐρήμῳ:

[3] τοῦ δὲ οἴκαδε πλοῦ μᾶλλον διεσκόπουν ὅπῃ κομισθήσονται, δεδιότες μὴ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι νομίσαντες λελύσθαι τὰς σπονδάς, διότι ἐς χεῖρας ἦλθον, οὐκ ἐῶσι σφᾶς ἀποπλεῖν.

52.3: learn dioti. You haven’t seen it much but you will see it more than once as you read.

Notice the perfective conceptual verbs and derivatives in section 52. They have the nuance that at the point when Thucydides wrote this and other similar sections, the results of what he reports were still in effect. This supports the assumption that Thucydides wrote as things happened, instead of keeping notes and then sitting down and writing it up in one fell swoop after the plague. You may have to read the entire work and keep notes to see if things expressed in perfective held good throughout the war.

In particular look at the end of subsection 1. Thucydides talks about the gathering of the remnants of the fleet, then tells where they were going, then tells what the purpose of this was. He doesn’t use any of the classic purpose particles, the impersonal gerundive is a complement to boulomenoi. Jowett transposes the action and its purpose, creating a sort of parenthetical expression as if he is trying to round a period. Since we know that he doesn’t understand rounded periods, it’s sort of bogus. If, as I have said, Thucydides read his work to an audience as he went, he knew that they would care less about why the actions took place, than about what happened, which includes setting out for a specified location.

And then after specifying that location, he shows why the Korinthians were stupid to go there. There were no repair facilities in this uninhabited place and the Korinthians had not brought spares with them. The Kerkyraeans could simply retreat to Leukimmi on their home island and make all right and tight while giving Athins harbor privileges. These ideas are divorced by Jowett’s transposition.

21st Century Classical Greek -- commentaries

I apologize for being late with this, I had some financial stuff to do this morning. NEhoo.

Book I section 51. I’m going to focus on subsection 4 here to give you reasons not to trust commentaries. Period.

ταύτας οὖν προϊδόντες οἱ Κορίνθιοι καὶ ὑποτοπήσαντες ἀπ᾽ Ἀθηνῶν εἶναι οὐχ ὅσας ἑώρων ἀλλὰ πλείους ὑπανεχώρουν.

[2] τοῖς δὲ Κερκυραίοις ἐπέπλεον γὰρ μᾶλλον ἐκ τοῦ ἀφανοῦς οὐχ ἑωρῶντο, καὶ ἐθαύμαζον τοὺς Κορινθίους πρύμναν κρουομένους, πρίν τινες ἰδόντες εἶπον ὅτι νῆες ἐκεῖναι ἐπιπλέουσιν. τότε δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀνεχώρουν: ξυνεσκόταζε γὰρ ἤδη, καὶ οἱ Κορίνθιοι ἀποτραπόμενοι τὴν διάλυσιν ἐποιήσαντο.

[3] οὕτω μὲν ἡ ἀπαλλαγὴ ἐγένετο ἀλλήλων, καὶ ἡ ναυμαχία ἐτελεύτα ἐς νύκτα.

[4] τοῖς δὲ Κερκυραίοις στρατοπεδευομένοις ἐπὶ τῇ Λευκίμμῃ αἱ εἴκοσι νῆες αἱ ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν αὗται, ὧν ἦρχε Γλαύκων τε ὁ Λεάγρου καὶ † Ἀνδοκίδης ὁ Λεωγόρου †, διὰ τῶν νεκρῶν καὶ ναυαγίων προσκομισθεῖσαι κατέπλεον ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον ἢ ὤφθησαν.

[5] οἱ δὲ Κερκυραῖοι (ἦν γὰρ νύξ) ἐφοβήθησαν μὴ πολέμιαι ὦσιν, ἔπειτα δὲ ἔγνωσαν: καὶ ὡρμίσαντο.

In 51.4, Jowett commits another one of his transpositions that disrupts Thucydides’ structure. Having told how both fleets retreated, Mr. T sends the Kerkyraeans to camp in Leukimmi, saying that 20 ships were left of what the Athinaians sent. Then Thucydides tells who commanded this squadron. Putting the names first as Jowett does, would confuse T’s audience. They want to know what happened more than they care who did it.

Now look at the two daggers in subsection 4. They mark a name and in Perseus, you can look at Marchant’s notes and see what they mean. They set off a name about which there is some uncertainty. Marchant claims that the orator of a similar name would have mentioned his grandfather as being involved in this battle. That rests on a couple of bad assumptions.

The most important bad assumption is that we have all the work that the orator produced. We don’t have all the work of the more-famous Aeschylus, for example; we have about 10% of his lifetime output.

The other bad assumption shows up a lot in scholarly work. It’s called the Presentism Fallacy; the scholar assumes that the work he is studying would have in it all of the information the scholar would have put into it if he had written that work. The same thing happens in Bible scholarship, and the reason is probably the same.

Scholars want the Bible to record specific things, but they are working from a literary standpoint and the Tannakh, at least, is a record of an oral tradition. It is formatted in ways that coordinate with Axel Olrik’s principles. It is also a Jewish work, and some of its mid-level structures show up in Mishnah and Talmud, the latter of which is also the record of an oral tradition. The scholars who are dissatisfied with the gaps in the Bible are mostly Christians who want the Tannakh to cater to them, when Christianity was neither born nor dreamed of between 4000 BCE and the end of the Babylonian Captivity.

An orator by definition works in the oral environment, not the literary environment. He is going to format things in a way suitable for his audience, as I have already shown Thucydides does. He is going to follow Axel’s law of parsimony, and avoid tiring his audience out with things not relevant to the point at hand. He can also avoid information he reasonably expects his audience to have, so he doesn’t offend them by talking down to them. We’ve seen this, too, in Thucydides.

Remember long ago when I referred to Hartley’s work on oratory and avoiding tiring the audience with rounded periods that produce long sentences? In Hartley’s environment, orators wrote their work out at full length to make sure they included pertinent quotations and then they memorized what they wrote to use in their presentations – or they flat out read from their written work. That’s the background of Marchant’s fallacious claim. It’s not how Thucydides worked, and it’s not necessarily how the orator of the same name worked.

Marchant also weasel-words his discussion of the inscription. There is no link to this inscription on Perseus; there is no citation in Marchant’s note, to a work that gives the text. We don’t know what it actually says. We don’t know from Marchant’s note whether any work discusses how such inscriptions relate to what various authors have said about the Peloponnesian War. There is a parenthetical “see crit. Note” but when we click “focus” to see Marchant’s work, there still is no link to any information supporting Marchant’s claims.

In fact Marchant’s work is not available on the Internet, except for Perseus. And Marchant’s work is strictly a commentary on the wording of Thucydides. It is not possible to follow up his claims. I know of commentaries, the claims in which can be followed up and proven false; I destroy two of them on my Fact-Checking blog.

Of course, it’s possible that Thucydides got this name wrong. However, he and not the orator lived in the generation when the war happened, and there’s also the possibility that the inscription is wrong, depending on when it was made and who paid for it. But due to Marchant’s sloppy fallacious work, we can’t tell.

But given the problems – gaps, inaccuracies, bad citations, false claims – in books that only deal with Greek grammar, it shouldn’t be a surprise that people writing commentaries would do even worse. And if you read what I wrote on the Fact-Checking thread, you shouldn’t be surprised that the same thing happens in commentaries on Greek literature.

21st Century Classical Greek -- the cognate accusative

Book I section 51. This is a good section for going over all the conjugated verbs; id the aspect, flavor, person, number and gender to test yourself.

ταύτας οὖν προϊδόντες οἱ Κορίνθιοι καὶ ὑποτοπήσαντες ἀπ᾽ Ἀθηνῶν εἶναι οὐχ ὅσας ἑώρων ἀλλὰ πλείους ὑπανεχώρουν.

[2] τοῖς δὲ Κερκυραίοις ἐπέπλεον γὰρ μᾶλλον ἐκ τοῦ ἀφανοῦς οὐχ ἑωρῶντο, καὶ ἐθαύμαζον τοὺς Κορινθίους πρύμναν κρουομένους, πρίν τινες ἰδόντες εἶπον ὅτι νῆες ἐκεῖναι ἐπιπλέουσιν. τότε δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀνεχώρουν: ξυνεσκόταζε γὰρ ἤδη, καὶ οἱ Κορίνθιοι ἀποτραπόμενοι τὴν διάλυσιν ἐποιήσαντο.

[3] οὕτω μὲν ἡ ἀπαλλαγὴ ἐγένετο ἀλλήλων, καὶ ἡ ναυμαχία ἐτελεύτα ἐς νύκτα.

[4] τοῖς δὲ Κερκυραίοις στρατοπεδευομένοις ἐπὶ τῇ Λευκίμμῃ αἱ εἴκοσι νῆες αἱ ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν αὗται, ὧν ἦρχε Γλαύκων τε ὁ Λεάγρου καὶ † Ἀνδοκίδης ὁ Λεωγόρου †, διὰ τῶν νεκρῶν καὶ ναυαγίων προσκομισθεῖσαι κατέπλεον ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον ἢ ὤφθησαν.

[5] οἱ δὲ Κερκυραῖοι (ἦν γὰρ νύξ) ἐφοβήθησαν μὴ πολέμιαι ὦσιν, ἔπειτα δὲ ἔγνωσαν: καὶ ὡρμίσαντο.

In 51.1, Jowett ignores the negation oukh hosas, “not those that they saw, but more [as well], slowly retreated.”

In 51.2, tois….oukh eoronto is not explained in LSJ or Middle Liddel. The meaning clearly is that the Kerkyraeans did not see the Athinaian ships coming to help them, but there is no entry in LSJ that hinges on the -ois case.

Note that 51.5 sort of has reported speech. What modal does it use and why?

Now for another concept in the old grammars that I can explode.  If you have studied Greek before, you were probably taught about the cognate accusative. If you wound up confused or were never able to recognize it or use it in your exercises, that’s more damage from the old grammars. When you studied the dictionary entries on eoronto, you saw an item that referred to cog. acc. That’s what I’m going to destroy.

All the Greek grammars I looked at (White, Goodwin, Gildersleeve, Smyth) have different definitions of this subject. Gildersleeve copied his from his Latin grammar, and it differs from the definition in Allen & Greenough’s Latin grammar. When there’s no objective definition, there’s no there there.

There is something in Arabic and Hebrew that is called the cognate accusative. It is two words in close association from the same root. One is a conjugated verb; the other is a substantive derivative. The structure is an adverb of manner. Since there is no accusative morphology in Hebrew, it’s obvious that “cognate accusative” is another misleading label, and since the structure is used as an adverb it’s clear there should be no case assignment anyway.

What I’m going to call it is adverbial equative, which is an actual noun case in Hurrian. I don’t have examples of the Hurrian adverbial equative; Wegener doesn’t give any. If you know of some, ante up. The adverbial equative appears to be endemic in the Arabic Thousand and One Nights, if the Burton translation is to be trusted. I found a copy of Arabian Nights online but haven’t learned enough Arabic to study it.

It turns out that poets like Aeschylus, and Demosthenes in his rhetoric, have structures using two derivatives of the same word, although Thucydides hasn’t used it in any of the sections we looked at.

See Demosthenes’ Against Aristocrates 121, καλήν γ᾽ ὕβριν ἦμεν ἂν ὑβρισμένοι. “what a fine insult by them insulting us”

Aristophanes’ Plutus, 1044: τάλαιν᾽ ἐγὼ τῆς ὕβρεος ἧς ὑβρίζομαι. “wretched me the insult being insulted.”

Or, “could this possibly be more insulting”.

There is such a thing as the adverbial equative in another ancient Indic language. I found this structure in Book IV of the Mahabharata, chapter 66, verse 22. There is no reason to deny that Classical Greek has an adverbial equative since its close cousin Sanskrit has it. The issue is that scholars writing about Classical Greek have committed the fallacy of broad redefinition to pretend that the a.e. is as common in Greek as it seems to be in Arabic. Instead, it seems to be restricted to specific uses, and as the Mahabharata is a long verse composition from an oral tradition, there shouldn’t be any surprise at finding that the Sanskrit poets used the adverbial equative.

So there are a couple of projects for you:

a)                  study the Thousand and One Nights in Arabic to see if the a.e. is as common as Burton makes it appear;

b)                  study your favorite Greek author to see under what circumstances he uses the a.e.; and

c)                  look for more examples in the Mahabharata.

But stick to my definition.

Knitting -- holds and techniques that reduce tendonitis

I found a video on how to purl Fair Isle when you are working on the flat and my fingers hurt just looking at how the demonstrator was holding her yarn. She had it wrapped like 3 times around her finger and I  knew she was cutting off her circulation. There's also the problem of tendonitis in frequent knitters.

I have found a couple of solutions or preventers for tendonitis.

One solution is the pencil hold. This is an old technique that I have seen in classic films as well as more recent videos. I can't find a good video on it. I'll try to explain it.

1. You hold the right hand needle as if it were a pencil resting on your hand. Your hand is under the needle, not on top of it like with the knife hold.

2.  You hold the yarn, wrapped gently once around your little finger for tension. I have tried this with both continental and English (in the right hand) yarn styles, and it works. I'm used to doing pencil hold with the yarn in the right hand.

3.  You do not bunch up your work toward the tip of the working needle; you cover the work with your hand and slide it to the right as you go.

4. Your left hand finds the next stitch and stabilizes it; this helps you work faster. 

5. Put the point of the right needle to the left of the next stitch and swipe it to the right through that stitch but don't take it off the needle.

6. Because your hand with the yarn is close to the left needle, it's a slight movement forward and around to loop the yarn under your working needle and bring the point through the stitch you are knitting into, then pull off the new stitch. With the knife hold, this looping movement has to travel farther, and that's a more extreme motion that promotes tendonitis.

One of the great things about this technique is that it goes faster if you DON'T watch what you're doing. Once you get good at it, you won't miss much of your TV show.

Another way to prevent or solve tendonitis is the continental hold with your left hand with the knife hold. Once again, your yarn is lightly wrapped around your left little finger. But the problem is that you may be running the yarn over your index finger when it is raised off your left needle. This tires your finger out.

And then I learned Norwegian style knitting. You can't use this with the pencil hold; it requires the knife hold. But your index finger stays down on the needle, and both hands work about equally, and it's much more relaxed. 

What's more, there's a Norwegian style purl. Watch Carlos do it on video, starting about 6:20. Slow the speed down to .75 for your first demonstration. Three things to watch out for.

1. You don't bring the yarn to the front of the working needle, you take the working needle to the back of the yarn. That's the first step of Carlos' cha-cha-cha.

2. When you have put the working needle into the stitch you are purling into, you rotate the working needle to the back again and you also take it over the working yarn to the back, then rotate it under the working yarn.

3. Here's how you avoid making an extra stitch. When you bring the working needle to the front again, do not take off the stitch yet. Bring the point of the working needle to the LEFT of the stitch you are purling into. Continues from left to right UNDER the working yarn. This is important; if you continue from left to right IN FRONT of the working yarn, you will actually make an extra stitch.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNlt_-F-3ZA

And now for the all-important question. What if you drop one of those fancy purl stitches? I've already done it, and it's no harder to pick up than your usual purl stitch. 

Norwegian knitting not only relaxes you and distributes the work over both hands, it makes your knitting tension more even. I used this on a project I was working in the round that had a couple of purl stitches every so often. Try it both in the round and on the flat and see what you think.

21st Century Classical Greek -- some more idioms

Book I section 50. I was going to do several sections in one post but then I found a number of things I thought you ought to know about.

τῆς δὲ τροπῆς γενομένης οἱ Κορίνθιοι τὰ σκάφη μὲν οὐχ εἷλκον ἀναδούμενοι τῶν νεῶν ἃς καταδύσειαν, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐτράποντο φονεύειν διεκπλέοντες μᾶλλον ἢ ζωγρεῖν, τούς τε αὑτῶν φίλους, οὐκ ᾐσθημένοι ὅτι ἥσσηντο οἱ ἐπὶ τῷ δεξιῷ κέρᾳ, ἀγνοοῦντες ἔκτεινον.

[2] πολλῶν γὰρ νεῶν οὐσῶν ἀμφοτέρων καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς θαλάσσης ἐπεχουσῶν, ἐπειδὴ ξυνέμειξαν ἀλλήλοις, οὐ ῥᾳδίως τὴν διάγνωσιν ἐποιοῦντο ὁποῖοι ἐκράτουν ἢ ἐκρατοῦντο: ναυμαχία γὰρ αὕτη Ἕλλησι πρὸς Ἕλληνας νεῶν πλήθει μεγίστη δὴ τῶν πρὸ αὑτῆς γεγένηται.

[3] ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατεδίωξαν τοὺς Κερκυραίους οἱ Κορίνθιοι ἐς τὴν γῆν, πρὸς τὰ ναυάγια καὶ τοὺς νεκροὺς τοὺς σφετέρους ἐτράποντο, καὶ τῶν πλείστων ἐκράτησαν ὥστε προσκομίσαι πρὸς τὰ Σύβοτα, οἷ αὐτοῖς ὁ κατὰ γῆν στρατὸς τῶν βαρβάρων προσεβεβοηθήκει: ἔστι δὲ τὰ Σύβοτα τῆς Θεσπρωτίδος λιμὴν ἐρῆμος. τοῦτο δὲ ποιήσαντες αὖθις ἁθροισθέντες ἐπέπλεον τοῖς Κερκυραίοις.

[4] οἱ δὲ ταῖς πλωίμοις καὶ ὅσαι ἦσαν λοιπαὶ μετὰ τῶν Ἀττικῶν νεῶν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀντεπέπλεον, δείσαντες μὴ ἐς τὴν γῆν σφῶν πειρῶσιν ἀποβαίνειν.

[5] ἤδη δὲ ἦν ὀψὲ καὶ ἐπεπαιάνιστο αὐτοῖς ὡς ἐς ἐπίπλουν, καὶ οἱ Κορίνθιοι ἐξαπίνης πρύμναν ἐκρούοντο κατιδόντες εἴκοσι ναῦς Ἀθηναίων προσπλεούσας, ἃς ὕστερον τῶν δέκα βοηθοὺς ἐξέπεμψαν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, δείσαντες, ὅπερ ἐγένετο, μὴ νικηθῶσιν οἱ Κερκυραῖοι καὶ αἱ σφέτεραι δέκα νῆες ὀλίγαι ἀμύνειν ὦσιν.

τῆς δὲ τροπῆς γενομένης may make you think of “tropics” and in a way that’s correct. The tropics are where the sun holds its course. This is different from but related to tropos in section 49, the custom of doing things in war. In a military context, tropo means turning your back on an enemy and fleeing so, “the flight [of the Kerkyraeans] taking place…”

Look at …τῶν νεῶν ἃς καταδύσειαν… Why the epistemic? Surely the ships had been destroyed. The issue is who destroyed them? The previous section makes clear that the large number of ships in a cramped space made it impossible for the damaged ones to get clear and possibly save themselves. Any given ship might have been the victim of attackers from its own side, which had been sent crashing into it while trying to flee the enemy.

The phrase after that uses an intransitive imperfective eventive with an impersonal gerundive complement. Goodwin has no discussion about such a structure; LSJ has an example from Thucydides Book 2 section 65.10, again with an i.g. complement, …ἐτράποντο … ἐνδιδόναι. Etraponto has an object in the -ous case each time, so these are not ergative structures. I’m continuing on with Thucydides to see if I can find other examples of this and what the nuance might be.

Subsection 1 has τούς τε αὑτῶν φίλους, the friends of them, and in subsection 3 καὶ τοὺς νεκροὺς τοὺς σφετέρους ἐτράποντο, they turned to their own dead. Auton and sfeterous both refer to the Korinthians who are the subject of each sentence, but the relationship seems to be closer in the second case.

If you didn’t learn pleo last week, you should learn it this week because of all the related verbs in section 50, which I underlined.

Now I have a Victorianism to explain which has warped ideas about what the Bible says and which Jowett of course pursues to his destruction.

… ἔστι δὲ τὰ Σύβοτα τῆς Θεσπρωτίδος λιμὴν ἐρῆμος…

He translates this as a desert harbor. Say what?

Well, any uninhabited place, or any place intermittently inhabited, is deserted by fixed settlers. That doesn’t mean it’s a hot sandy waste. That just means nobody lives there. Erimos means desolate, and also solitary, and from that comes the medieval word eremite and the English word hermit. Hermits don’t all live in hot sandy regions, but some of the earliest Christian hermits were Egyptians (forebears of the Coptic church) who had access to such places beyond the floodplain of the Nile.

When your Bible translation talks about the Sinai as a desert, you think of the Sinai as it is today. Archaeology, paleontology, and paleoclimatology give a very different picture up to the Roman period; the modern Libyan desert could never have supported the city of Carthage that the Romans destroyed and later rebuilt. Don’t fall for this “false friend”.

Look up ἐπεπαιάνιστο in subsection 5. The Paean was first addressed to healer gods and was a choral song. As a victory over illness or injury, it became a military victory song and seems to also have been something like the cadence used in military training school marches or the soldiers’ songs described in Tolstoy’s War and Peace. Finally, it seems to have been used to inspire troops before a battle.

Knitting -- Men Who Knit: Arne and Carlos

Arne and Carlos have a Youtube blog, mostly about Norwegian traditions, a lot of which have to do with knitting. They discuss brioche, but their description is a lot like the one from the 1892 Butterick book I told you about.

https://www.youtube.com/c/ARNECARLOS/videos

There is a huge amount of stuff on their site but although they have playlists, you'd have to go through all of them to find gems. I picked some out but it's worth your time to go through all of them.

Twined knitting hat. Watch this. It will drive you crazy at first if you are used to Fair Isle knitting, but you have to do it the way Arne does it. Make sure to go to minute 6:40 where he reverses the twist to get a fishbone effect on the inside. The outside looks the same. At minute 8:15 he starts showing decreases for the top.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zey5fQll6UQ

Pattern in purl hat. Arne uses the hold you are used to from Fair Isle, English on the main color and continental on the pattern color.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uVTDggeJwY

This is their video on reversible two-color knitting.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cNh-rTc34k

Long-tail cast-on. Also known as slingshot cast on.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcvzB_9o8qc

I-cord cast-on using DP needles. Knowing this technique means you don't need to carry around ONE MORE GADGET so you can make an I-cord. I don't see a lot of point in I-cords and neither do Arne and Carlos. But they show you how to pick up both loops of the top stitches to start your fabric and they refer to joining the ends to work in the round.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_lQU5QsdNs

Yet another cast-on, the German twisted. It's too much like cat's cradle for my taste.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abHaswcSNGI

And the "tubular" cast-on, which is a lot like a one-needle version of the cast-on for the toe-up socks pattern I talked about long ago. The advantage is that the cast-on is practically invisible.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAH5vT_UIxc&list=PLElv_tSbHW3rwK8GSfGtRqUtOJJ14A9tp&index=2

Arne and Carlos also do the closed toe cast-on much like in that link above -- BUT WITHOUT CIRCULAR NEEDLES. I have tried multiple times to do that on DPs and it never worked. This will work so you're not always tugging a needle out. I'm definitely going to learn this one because, once again, it means you don't need one more tool before you can cast on a sock that you will knit on DPs.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crMdybZVt3M

The next technique is called twisted rib and Arne and Carlos say they see it on very old sweaters. It is more elastic than your ordinary straight rib. Go to minute 1:49 to see how Arne does it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MuVk343imk

This is their video on brioche. They point out that when  you are not doing brioche in the round, it's the same two things every time.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2zJadaVeRI

In another video Arne shows a pattern his grandmother used to make something for his grandfather. The pattern has her notes on it. It was named Dovre kofta but it is also known as Dovrefjell and when I googled with that term I got a pattern like this. The detail lets you see how to design your work.

This is a free pattern from Sandnes Garn:

https://www.sandnesgarn.no/dovrekoft

This is another pattern that came up, and the photo on Ravelry can give you an idea of how to reproduce it.

https://www.ravelry.com/patterns/library/dovrefjell-herre

It works for both women and men.

While they talked about this sock, Arne and Carlos explained that the heel and toe used "eye of partridge" stitch because it makes the toe and heel as thick as the rest of the sock. You wouldn't get that with stockinette. It's a thing; I found a second video on it and not from a Norwegian. Here's Arne and Carlos' video. Go to minute 4:20 to catch the beginning; the actual eye of partridge starts at 5:16.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUNfdBv14RY

Arne and Carlos design housewares and here is a video about knitted cushions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBxe3Vgr6GY

Here's a tutorial on intarsia. Once you grasp the technique you'll be able to design your own.

https://tkga.org/wp-content/uploads/issue_archives/2009/Intarsia%20Pillow%20Lesson.pdf

So go to town with this site and get some new ideas. Or rather, old ideas, but things you didn't know about. My nephew-in-law says his Norwegian mother loves this site, so this is not one of your faux ethnic things adopted for bragging rights, it's the real deal.

21st Century Classical Greek -- an Anatolian remnant?

Book I sections 47-49.These sections have some vocabulary you’ll need for the rest of the work.  In these sections the war between the Korinthians and the allied Kerkyraeans and Athinaians starts.

προσπλέοντας from πλέω, which you should learn since there are lots of sea battles ahead.

ἐστρατοπεδεύσαντο from στρατοπεδεύω, make camp

πεζὸς foot soldiers

ὁπλῖται, ὁπλίτης, heavy troopers. “Hoplites”

βεβοηθηκότες and παραβεβοηθηκότες from βοηθέω, assist, help

ναυμαχία is a sea battle

ἀντιπαρετάσσοντο from τάσσω which conjugates like prasso. Source of words like tactics, taxonomy.

δεξιὸν “right side”

κέρας literally horn (“rhinoceros”, nose horn), but wing as a part of a military formation

μέσον “middle”, in military terms, “center”

εὐώνυμος literally “of a good name”, euphemism for left side

σημεία, identifying flag. Apparently nobody knew which side other ships fought on until these were raised.

κατάστρωμα deck of a ship

τοξότης archer

ἀκοντιστής javelin thrower

In section 47.1, we have this phrase:

…ὧν ἦρχε Μικιάδης καὶ Αἰσιμίδης καὶ Εὐρύβατος,…

There are three people leading the force, but irkhe is singular and it is executive voice, not passive or ergative. This may be a parallel to Biblical Hebrew. If you know BH, then you know that from Exodus on, a number of verses start with a singular verb and then mosheh v’aharon, Mosheh and Aharon. These are verbal sentences; they always start with a singular verb, even when they have a compound subject. The same thing happens in Arabic. This might be an Anatolian thing but so far I can’t find anything on line that says Hurrian worked this way.

In section 49.1 we have this phrase:

… τῷ παλαιῷ τρόπῳ…

It’s the -ois case. This phrase is an adverb of manner, “the ancient manner” specifically, which Thucydides says is more like a land battle fought on the decks of a ship, with the ship moving the soldiers into place. This argues against the trireme as a “guided missile” which has its greatest effect as a ram against other ships. That tactic may have developed later in the war, we’ll know when we get to it.

Section 49.3 has epistemics.  Identify them and remember what they mean: though I have defined conjugated verbs as definite, it is not possible to use a gerundive in the epistemic. You can’t be less than definite in the epistemic (or oblique), the modality itself backs off of making a direct statement. In this case, Thucydides is refusing to say that any specific ship charged another; the story he got back says that the mass of ships prevented easy maneuvering. The same is true of diekploi.

Section 49.7 reads:

οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι ὁρῶντες τοὺς Κερκυραίους πιεζομένους μᾶλλον ἤδη ἀπροφασίστως ἐπεκούρουν, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἀπεχόμενοι ὥστε μὴ ἐμβάλλειν τινί: ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἡ τροπὴ ἐγίγνετο λαμπρῶς καὶ ἐνέκειντο οἱ Κορίνθιοι, τότε δὴ ἔργου πᾶς εἴχετο ἤδη καὶ διεκέκριτο οὐδὲν ἔτι, ἀλλὰ ξυνέπεσεν ἐς τοῦτο ἀνάγκης ὥστε ἐπιχειρῆσαι ἀλλήλοις τοὺς Κορινθίους καὶ Ἀθηναίους.

This is a perfective eventive, negated (in base voice). So far, the Athinaians have held aloof but they acted to end that when things started going bad for the Kerkyraeans. Jowett’s translation of this subsection is as bad as anything he did.