Bit at a Time Bible Hebrew -- modal morphology summary

Yes, this went up Wednesday night instead of Thursday morning. 
My computer has decided to test my patience and I wanted you to get your fix if it went the limit.

Time for a summary on modal morphologies.  Go back and learn this material thoroughly so that when you come across one, you can think back to what I said. 

1.               They are restricted to material transmitted in the vernacular that was used before the  Babylonian Captivity, in the meanings that I discuss here.  The surviving modals changed in meaning.

2.               Uncertainty epistemics frequently involve legal issues that hinge on ignorance, so even if they are used in a commandment, they may let the subject off from being punished.

3.               Certainty epistemics always involve something palpable or visible to the audience or familiar from its cultural practices or historical knowledge and that is why they relate to the truth of the material.

4.               Deontics always evidence that the world isn’t the way the speaker wants it, even as they express what he does want. 

5.               Oblique modality requires a main clause expressing something accepted as true by both speaker and listener; the subordinate clause expresses something the speaker wants to be accepted as true, given the truth of the main clause. 

 

We’re not done yet.  I have to cover an important structure in Biblical  Hebrew; that’s next.

 

© Patricia Jo Heil, 2013-2018 All Rights Reserved

DIY -- clothesline

I realize that in this day and age, some  of you  may not have space to put up a clothesline.
Or if you do it, people might complain.

I have a tiny yard -- although it is bigger than my brother's --
and my HOA has rules on where things can go.

I had one choice for location: the south side of my house, where the mail and trash service comes.
There was only one other thing to decide.
I could have concrete installed in the sloping lawn and put up a permanent umbrella clothesline.
Or I could get a portable umbrella clothesline and put it on the sidewalk, and remember to take it in every time I use it, before nightfall, so it wouldn't rust from dew.

Yeah, I got the portable.

Hints.
1.   The weather doesn't have to be hot for this to work.  Sunny March and November days are acceptable in the DC region.  So are cloudy hot summer days but you have to be there if there's rain in the forecast, so you can take in the damp clothes and the hardware.
2.   The WIND matters.  Winds above 30 can blow a portable umbrella clothesline over.  Keep an eye out for it so you can set it back up if it falls over, or wait for a calmer day.
3.   You still need to use a mechanical dryer for big heavy things like towels and bedding.  The support for the umbrella isn't strong enough.
4.   Make sure and stabilize the bottom of the bottom tripod.  I forgot to turn the thumbscrew far enough one day and the base started to collapse.
5.   It's true.    Whites will come out whiter.  I've had old turmeric stains bleach out in five hours of sunshine.  To keep other things from fading, make sure that their insides are turned to the sun.
6.   You won't get the softening or fragrance you get with dryer sheets or dryer balls.  You also won't get the chemicals.
7.   If you didn't get a bad stain out, the newly washed garment should not be put in a dryer.  The dryer will bake the stain into the fibers.  You don't have to worry about that with things dried on the clothesline.

I never put the clothesline up on trash day until the trash has been picked up.  The trash gets put into wheeled barrels that get rolled along the sidewalk. 
Mail carriers I figure can go around the clothesline.  Haven't had a complaint from them so far...

This is one of those reasons our foremothers were always on the hop.  They had no weather forecasts unless they had a barometer in the house or could tell by the clouds, the sky, the behavior of birds. 
Blue jays really do scream a lot in the couple of days before a storm, for example.
If our foremothers thought they were going to have a sunny day, they had to get their wash done early so it was ready to hang out. 
They had to boil water on the stove before they could wash or they had to use cold water. 
They had to have coal in the house or dry firing on the porch to boil the water.
And if they guessed the weather wrong, they had to bring the things inside and string their clothesline up in the kitchen, which was probably the only room in a house warm enough to dry the things.

I was watching a PBS "reality" show on people trying to live like wilderness days in Idaho or Montana. 
They arrived in April and one of the women decided to wash ALL the clothes the same day.  Which would have conserved firing.
Unfortunately, there was a late snow that day and she had to dry everything inside.  What's worse, her kids had to walk miles to another homestead to milk their cows for the time being.  With no dry clothes to wear, they had to wrap themselves in blankets to go to the other homestead. In the snow.
But at least she didn't have her clothesline fall onto muddy ground and have to do the laundry all over again.

My clothesline will pay for itself by the end of 2017 in lower power bills.
I need the exercise.
Getting out in the sun a couple of times a day is nice, and it gives me an excuse to suck down some iced tea in the summer.
I have lots of clothes and don't need to do laundry every day.  Not even every week, really.
YMMV.

© Patricia Jo Heil, 2013-2018 All Rights Reserved

Fact-Checking the Torah -- wrapping up the digs

When you read archaeological material – from the original report not the mass media or a fringe website – and it claims to relate to the Bible, you have to be skeptical.

First, you have to make sure it’s not a weak analogy.  It has to deal with all of the Biblical words and details, not just pick out useful parts.  In the next two parts of this blog, I’ll show why it has to deal with the Biblical words in Biblical Hebrew, not in translation.

Second, you have to make sure that the writer doesn’t deny something happened just because the data don’t say it did.  The dig has to be at the right place and go down to the right level, look for culturally relevant material and evaluate it accurately compared to the situations cultures normally find themselves in.

Third, you have to make sure the material evaluates the provenance reasonably.  A report that doesn’t go through the provenance of a find but tries to claim that it relates to something in Bible cannot be relied on.  The week this post goes up, there was a follow-on to the story about the papyrus that supposedly talked about “Jesus’ wives”.  In fact, the original study did not have that phrase; it was an invention of mass media to gain attention.  Second, there was absolutely no information about the provenance from archaeology; it came from the possessor and his story keeps shifting.  The next thing that has to happen is a radiocarbon test, just like the one that proved the fabric of the Turin shroud was made in the 1400s CE.  I’m sure the possessor of the “Jesus” papyrus doesn’t want that but if he refuses, there’s no there there.   Without  provenance information from archaeology, you don’t  really have an archaeological “find” and you may not have an antiquity.  At best, you might have a curiosity, but it could also be a forgery.

The chronology of the Torah goes something like this:

Noach’s wine grapes come from about 4000 BCE in a location later known as Urartu; we don’t know what it was called in 4000 BCE, its oldest known name is Urashtu.  This is in Anatolia, where and when proto-Semitic first developed, and also near where meteoric iron was in use, and where smelted iron and carbon steel show up over the next 2000 years.

Gan Eden relates to the 3000s BCE, the Jemdet Nasr period of Mesopotamia, somewhere to the east of where the Euphrates flows now, and where it joined up with the Tigris and two minor rivers, one of which vanished from human memory and one of which is permanently dry now.

The destruction of the Cities of the Plain had to be observed by the ancestors of the Jewish people when they were near Numeira, Jordan, about 2350 BCE.  This places them far from Mesopotamia prior to the time of the Sumerian Kings List, Gilgamesh, Atra-Hasis, and Enuma Elish in the written forms we know of.  It coordinates with the end of Ebla, which traded with the Cities.  All writing in Mesopotamia was in Sumerian or Akkadian cuneiform at this time; reading and writing cuneiform had to do with royal decrees and religious material; archives were royal property, not freely open to anybody who chose to browse in them.

The Israelites migrated to Egypt in the 1800s BCE and were familiar with the conditions there at the end of the reign of Amenemhet III, the end of the Middle Kingdom.

The Israelites left Egypt about 1630 BCE, heading southeast.  The Hyksos rulers of the delta were trying to recover from the effects of the Thera explosion.  Before they had completely recovered, Ahmose I attacked and took back the north.  He chased the remains of the Hyksos rulers of the Delta northeast to Sharuhen.  Torah has the only written record currently known, relative to the Thera explosion, except for the Tempest Papyrus from the start of Ahmose’s reign.

This leaves 400 years for the period of the Judges and the cult at Shiloh.  About 1100 BCE, the Israelites established settlements throughout the Holy Land, more than 200 feet above sea level, and refused to trade pottery with the lowlands, showing that they had to be self-supporting.

They remained self-supporting, engaging in mixed agriculture, to about 900 BCE, the time of Shlomo.

The Israelites were not descended solely from the Hapiru; the two groups were not identical.

The Israelites did not copy their monotheism from Akhenaten.  Even his son didn’t copy it; Tutankhamen changed back to the original Egyptian polytheism.

The Israelites did not invent the Exodus after their culture had been up and running for centuries; it was so well known that 100 years after the hilltop settlements dissolved, Amos could talk about it to the southerners and Hoshea could reference it to the northerners, without going into a song and dance about what they meant.

Cultures like the Celts and Sea Peoples began developing 300 to 400 years before they first appeared in text from another culture.  It is no stretch to accept that the culture of the Israelite hilltop settlements goes back to at least 1500 BCE, but the geological evidence in Torah is that their ancestors originated nearly a millennium before that.

Those assigning a late date to every characteristic of Jewish culture, religion and law, are almost certainly wrong.  I’ll give more evidence for this in the next two sections.  Starting with evidence from the language itself – Biblical Hebrew.

© Patricia Jo Heil, 2013-2018 All Rights Reserved

Bit at a Time Bible Hebrew -- historical diagnostic

Deuteronomy 4:10 is also an example of something about the uncertainty epistemic that relates to the certainty epistemic.

יוֹם אֲשֶׁר עָמַדְתָּ לִפְנֵי יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּחֹרֵב בֶּאֱמֹר יְהֹוָה אֵלַי הַקְהֶל־לִי אֶת־הָעָם וְאַשְׁמִעֵם אֶת־דְּבָרָי אֲשֶׁר יִלְמְדוּן לְיִרְאָה אֹתִי כָּל־הַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר הֵם חַיִּים עַל־הָאֲדָמָה וְאֶת־בְּנֵיהֶם יְלַמֵּדוּן:

 

Epistemics look in two directions at the same time.   Since the people who didn’t learn fear of Heaven think they will get off, what about the people who were supposed to teach fear of Heaven?

 

We are only human. We are not omniscient. We have no hard and fast rules for how to teach fear of Heaven; our best approximation is to obey the law ourselves. But we are also not perfect. A person who wants to go wrong, will pick on any imperfection as an excuse for his own imperfection, and then go farther. (This is the lesson behind Lemekh’s 77-fold.)

 

Using the uncertainty epistemic lets off both the subject and the object of the verb, the way Avraham’s use of the uncertainty epistemic in Genesis excused him on the basis of his own ignorance, and also let Gd off from a vow that could not be carried out. 

 

Notice that this looks both ways, just like the certainty epistemic and narrative past do.

 

Modal morphologies existed in Biblical Hebrew as a vernacular, the street language, and people learned about it as they learned to talk.  They didn’t learn it in school.  That requires an analytical grammar teaching the functionality of morphology.  There was no analytic grammar of Biblical Hebrew until David Kimchi about 1000 CE, and his work was dedicated to talking about the triliteral root system.  People learned the material with the grammar as it existed at the time they learned it.  They understood it because they heard people using the same grammar on the  street.

 

During the Babylonian Captivity, the Jews learned to speak Aramaic – which  modern  linguists call Neo-Babylonian. It was a hybrid of Aramaic and Akkadian, and its modals came from Akkadian, an eastern Semitic language. They used particles and auxiliary verbs (periphrasis), not morphology.  The generation that returned to the Holy Land and built the Second Temple had no vernacular training in using modal morphologies or a grammar to learn it from.  They recited modal morphologies in a text they had memorized, but they couldn’t produce them spontaneously (with an exception I’ll talk about soon.)

 

That’s the diagnostic for when the books of the Tannakh were created. The ones in Aramaic actually are Neo-Babylonian. The ones in Hebrew that use modal morphologies came into being before those forms disappeared from the vernacular. Anybody who tells you differently shows that they don’t understand Biblical Hebrew as well as you do now.

Let's summarize before I go on to mess with your head some more.

 

© Patricia Jo Heil, 2013-2018 All Rights Reserved

Garden -- grass 2016

The easy days of summer are here!
You're saying what?  It's lawn-mowing time!
Well, not quite.
Your lawn service is going to want you to pay them to do a bunch of things right now.
And it's bad for your grass.
See Mike:
http://wtop.com/garden-plot-living/2016/06/the-rules-of-grass-dont-feed-your-lawn/

Test your lawn service.
If they have been trying to get you to seed before July, fire them.
If they try to get you to fertilize now, fire them.
Ask what height their blade is set to.  If it's less than 3 inches, fire them.
If you come home after they've been there and the grass is swirled around but not cut,
THAT is a sign of a dull blade.  Fire them.
If you are home when you mow and you see dirt kicking up or hear the blade scrape on dirt, fire them.
If it hasn't rained for three weeks and they still want you to pay them to mow,  fire them.

Mike hasn't gotten around to this last one yet because while parts of the DC area are dry, others just suffered big storms.

Also, you have about three weeks left to prune your azaleas. 
Prune after that and you will destroy next year's flower buds.

© Patricia Jo Heil, 2013-2018 All Rights Reserved

Fact-Checking the Torah -- Numbers 22:2 to 24:25

For this week you were supposed to read Numbers 22:2-24:25.  The other end of the spectrum on the Exodus says it didn’t happen but was invented in the 800s BCE.

First, elementary school math will show you that this puts the Exodus after the Israelite settlements in the highlands have dissipated, in other words, after the time when we know an Israelite culture existed.  Second, elementary math will show you that if the Exodus was invented at this time, it took less than 100 years to become so familiar to the Israelites that Amos could refer to it and know that his audience knew what he meant.  I’ll discuss that in more detail at the end of the blog.

This weak analogy rests on an archaeological find at Deir ’Alla in Jordan, which was the Sukkot referred to in the Biblical story of Gideon, about 250 km away from the Sukkot at the edge of the Sinai that the Israelites left from in beginning the Exodus.

The archaeological find was a damaged wall inscription about a man named Balaam, and the weak analogy says that he was the same Balaam referred to in Numbers.  The Balaam referred to in this inscription of the 800s BCE is supposed to be the same one who suggested the activities leading to the sin of Baal Peor in Numbers 25.

However, the northern audience of the prophet Hoshea knows about the sin of Baal Peor and his reference also comes less than a century after the inscription.

The third historical problem with this is that the Passover story was as familiar to people in the pagan northern kingdom of Israel, as to those in the monotheistic southern kingdom of Judea.  Hezekiah, who ruled after Amos and Hoshea, issued a Passover invitation to people in the north, and some of them came to Jerusalem to celebrate it.  This had to happen before the Assyrian conquest of the north, because archaeologists find that Assyria established a sort of iron curtain around the territories they controlled. (This will be important in Part IV of this blog.)  There has to be some reason the northerners would respond to Hezekiah’s invitation.  It can’t be the mere references to Passover in Amos and Hoshea, because that involves a hidden assumption that the northerners had read those two books.  The Samaritans, the modern remainder of the northern population, have a book called Joshua/Chronicle by some; it has no material from either Amos or Hoshea.  The Samaritan Pentateuch does have the Exodus story, almost word for word the same as in Jewish Torah (more about that in the next section). 

That’s the historical evidence against the Deir ’Alla claim.  The logical problem that makes this a weak analogy is the contents of the inscription.  You can find a description on the web and what it says is that Balaam stood before the council of gods and was told about a goddess who had to be punished.

This is so different from the Balaam in Numbers that I don’t see any reason to equate the two on any level.  The names aren’t enough and at the end of this blog I will show why, as well as giving a broadly applicable reason that the two Balaams aren’t the same.

But what it does resemble is Marduk standing before the council of gods and being told that Tiamat has to be punished.  And that is in Enuma Elish.  Which has consequences of its own that I will discuss later.

The inscription has undergone considerable study and that’s all to the good because the more we know about local cultures, the more we know about the Israelites and their being a distinct culture in the eyes of Merneptah.  At a distance, distinctions blur.  That’s why it’s important that Merneptah did distinguish between Israel and Canaan.  Four centuries before the Balaam inscription.

I’ll sum up next week because I’ve already gone on too long with this post.

© Patricia Jo Heil, 2013-2018 All Rights Reserved

Bit at a Time Bible Hebrew -- Deuteronomy 4:10

So I said that uncertainty epistemics are crucial because of Jewish law.

 

They’re crucial because they reflect some feature of the law. Avraham’s uncertainty epistemics let Gd off His vow. The uncertainty epistemics in Deuteronomy 5:7 underline how Jewish law might let somebody off for not destroying something that might be pagan.

 

My last example is Deuteronomy 4:10.

יוֹם אֲשֶׁר עָמַדְתָּ לִפְנֵי יְהוָֹה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּחֹרֵב בֶּאֱמֹר יְהֹוָה אֵלַי הַקְהֶל־לִי אֶת־הָעָם וְאַשְׁמִעֵם אֶת־דְּבָרָי אֲשֶׁר יִלְמְדוּן לְיִרְאָה אֹתִי כָּל־הַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר הֵם חַיִּים עַל־הָאֲדָמָה וְאֶת־בְּנֵיהֶם יְלַמֵּדוּן:

 

This verse is all about “fear of Heaven,” meaning what it is that makes somebody obey the law even if there’s no immediate reaction one way or the other. It’s the same thing as the fact that 94% of the US population is not behind bars. Why does it use an uncertainty epistemic?

 

Because you can impose punishment on your underage kid for violating the law, but that won’t keep him straight once he becomes legally responsible for his own actions.

 

When the Israelites were at Mt. Sinai, they signed up to obeying the law voluntarily (not under duress as some people will tell you – you can tell by the binyan of the verb) in awe of the miracles they had been through as well as the smoking mountain.

 

Moshe is now talking to their children or grandchildren. These people may have been raised with the law, but a midrash says that all the strife between Gd and the Israelites happened between years 2 and 19 of the Exodus, and then the generation of the Exodus were sent wandering in the wilderness. The people Moshe is speaking to are at most 40 years old, and a lot of them are younger. They didn’t see the punishments with their own eyes. If they’re going to obey the law, they have to do it through fear of Heaven.

 

But what if they didn’t learn it from their parents, who only died because they didn’t have fear of Heaven? Or what if, becoming parents, they didn’t teach it to their children?

 

There are four situations under which an earthly court will let somebody off without punishment: mistake of the law or the facts; inattention; ignorance; and forgetting the law or the facts of the situation.

 

The fifth possibility is failure of due process. If the human court can’t convict via due process, they can’t punish the accused even if the disobedience was willful.

 

I believe Deuteronomy 4:10 uses uncertainty epistemics because there is one more way the accused might think he could get off, and that is, if he was not taught fear of Heaven. You can’t beat that into a kid; you have to set the example. You can make your kid letter-perfect in Torah and Talmud, but if you don’t obey the law, you can’t teach fear of Heaven, and your kid will try to skirt the law. It’s a form of willful transgression, but it’s not identical. Babylonian Talmud admits that Gd controls everything except Fear of Heaven.

 

Sounds like a recipe for chaos, right? Well, people have free will, and that free will is absolute. But there are consequences for everything people do, and with the Torah, they know what is prohibited and what can lead to the death penalty. So choose life. Deuteronomy 30:19.

Next week: uncertain or not, epistemics share one feature.

© Patricia Jo Heil, 2013-2018 All Rights Reserved